Canals are man-made channels for water. There are two types of canal:

#Waterways: navigable transportation canals used for carrying ships and boats shipping goods and conveying people, further subdivided into two kinds: ##Those connected to existing lakes, rivers, or oceans. Included are inter-basin canals, such as the Suez Canal, Erie Canal, and the Panama Canal. ##Those connected in a city network: such as the ''Canal Grande'' and others of Venice Italy; the ''gracht'' of Amsterdam, and the waterways of Bangkok. #Aqueducts: water supply canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of potable water for human consumption, municipal uses, and agriculture irrigation. Rills and acequias are small versions.

Types of artificial waterways

Canals are created in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:

A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by piling dirt, stone, concrete, or other building materials. The water for the canal must be provided from an external source like other streams or reservoirs. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like Canal du Midi and Canal de Briare.

A stream can be ''canalized'' to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to more safely carry traffic by controlling the flow of the stream with dredging, damming, and modifying its path. Examples include Basse Saône, Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle, and Aisne River. Riparian zone restoration may be required.

When a stream is too difficult to modify with ''canalization'', a second stream can be created next to the existing stream. This is called a ''lateral canal''. The existing stream usually acts as the water source and its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Canal latéral à la Loire, Garonne Lateral Canal, and Canal latéral à l'Aisne.

Smaller transportation canals can carry barges or narrowboats, while ship canals allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g., Manchester Ship Canal), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g., Caledonian Canal, Panama Canal).

Features

At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the stratum the canal passes through, it may be necessary to line the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay it is known as puddling.

Canals need to be level, and, while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations, other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the pound lock, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used.

Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either flash locks consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available.

Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches. These include boat lifts, such as the Falkirk wheel, which use a caisson of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and inclined planes where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway.

To cross a stream or road, the solution is usually to bridge with an aqueduct. To cross a wide valley (where the journey delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the centre of the valley can be spanned by an aqueduct - a famous example in Wales is the Pontcysyllte aqueduct across the valley of the River Dee.

Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals.

Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as contour canals would take longer winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other generally later canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level.

Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In some cases such as the Suez Canal the canal is simply open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable, reservoirs - either separate from the canal or built into its course - and back pumping were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal.

Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal a canal basin may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain wharfs and cranes to assist with movement of goods.

When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance stop planks are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of canal to be quickly closed off, either for maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach.

History

Ancient canals

The oldest known canals were irrigation canals, built in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC, in what is now modern day Iraq and Syria. The Indus Valley Civilization, in Pakistan and North India, (circa 2600 BC) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC. In Egypt, canals date back at least to the time of Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the cataract on the Nile near Aswan.

In ancient China, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Warring States (481–221 BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world today. It is long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than wide.

Greek engineers were the first to use canal locks, by which they regulated the water flow in the Ancient Suez Canal as early as the 3rd century BC.

Canals in the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, water transport was cheaper and faster than transport overland. This was because roads were unpaved and in poor condition and greater amounts could be transported by ship. The first artificial canal in Christian Europe was the Fossa Carolina built at the end of the 8th Century under personal supervision of Charlemagne. More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the Naviglio Grande built between 1127 and 1257, the most important of the lombard “navigli”, Later, canals were built in the Netherlands and Flanders to drain the polders and assist the transportation of goods.

Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century AD. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or flash locks. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with watermill owners and to correct this, the pound or chamber lock first appeared, in 10th century AD in China and in Europe in 1373 in Vreeswijk, Netherlands. Another important development was the mitre gate, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of guillotine locks.

To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first summit level canals were developed with the Grand Canal of China in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the Stecknitz Canal in Germany in 1398. The first to use pound locks was the Briare Canal connecting the Loire and Seine (1642), followed by the more ambitious Canal du Midi (1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at Béziers, a tunnel and three major aqueducts.

Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the Elbe, Oder and Weser being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first canal built appears to have been the Exeter Canal, which opened in 1563. The oldest canal built for industrial purposes in North America is Mother Brook in Dedham, MA. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills. In Russia, the Volga-Baltic Waterway, a nationwide canal system connecting the Baltic and Caspian seas via the Neva and Volga rivers, was opened in 1718.

Industrial revolution

: Canals were important for industrial development. The greatest stimulus to canal system building came from the Industrial Revolution with its need for cheap transport of unprecedented quantities of raw materials and manufactured items.

In Europe, particularly Britain and Ireland, and then in the young United States and the Canadian colonies, inland canals preceded the development of railroads during the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution. The opening of the Sankey Canal in 1757, followed by the Bridgewater Canal in 1761, which halved the price of coal in Liverpool and Manchester, respectively, triggered a period of "canal mania" in Britain so that between 1760 and 1820 over one hundred canals were built.

As well as industrial uses, the Royal Military Canal on the Romney Marsh was built so as create a barrier against invading troops, and hiding places for British troops during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Blackstone Canal in Massachusetts and Rhode Island fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828–48. The Blackstone Valley was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where Samuel Slater built his first mill.

In addition to their transportation purposes, parts of the United States, particularly in the Northeast, had enough fast-flowing rivers that water power was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the American Civil War. For example, Lowell, Massachusetts, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000 horsepower. Other cities with extensive power canal systems include Lawrence, Massachusetts, Holyoke, Massachusetts, Manchester, New Hampshire, and Augusta, Georgia.

The 19th century

Competition from the railway network from the 1830s, and in the 20th century the roads, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transportation, and many of the British canals fell into decay. Only the Manchester Ship Canal and the Aire and Calder Canal bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although some canals were later drained and used as railroad rights-of-way.

In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, long with 82 locks, opened up a connection from the populated Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances for much lower prices compared to before. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River system until replaced by a channelized river waterway.

Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first Welland Canal, which opened in 1829 between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, bypassing Niagara Falls and the Lachine Canal (1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the St. Lawrence River at Montreal were built for commerce. The Rideau Canal, completed in 1832, connects Ottawa, on the Ottawa River to Kingston, Ontario on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.

In France, a steady linking of all the river systems—Rhine, Rhône, Saône, and Seine—and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the Freycinet gauge, which specified the minimum size of locks so that canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century.

Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the Suez Canal (1869), and the Kiel Canal (1897), which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals, though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914.

In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the Biwako canal and the Tone canal. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries.

Modern uses

Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to globalization, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the Panama Canal expansion project.

The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the Croydon Canal.

A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as hotel barges, has spurred rehabilitation of stretches of historic canals. In some cases, abandoned canals such as the Kennet and Avon Canal have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years.

The Seine-Nord Europe Canal is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking France with Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as easements for the installation of fibre optic telecommunications network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment.

Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the Imperial Valley in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area.

Cities on water

Canals are so deeply identified with Venice that many canal cities have been nicknamed "the Venice of…". The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful city state.

Amsterdam was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300.

Other cities with extensive canal networks include: Alkmaar, Amersfoort, Bolsward, Brielle, Delft, Den Bosch, Dokkum, Dordrecht, Enkhuizen, Franeker, Gouda, Haarlem, Harlingen, Leeuwarden, Leiden, Sneek and Utrecht in the Netherlands, Brugge and Gent in Flanders, Belgium, Birmingham in England — which has 35 miles of canals, to Venice's 26 miles —, Saint Petersburg in Russia, Hamburg in Germany, Berlin in Germany, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Cape Coral, Florida in the United States.

Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site near the centre of Liverpool, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use.

Canal Estates (commonly known as bayous) are a form of subdivision popular in cities like Miami, Florida, Texas City, Texas and the Gold Coast, Queensland; the Gold Coast has over 700 km of residential canals. Wetlands are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so dredging part of the wetland down to a navigable channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks.

Boats

Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British narrowboat, which is up to long and wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where Panamax ships are limited to a length of and a width of . For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is generally draft, which is limited to . At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the Bude Canal were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

Lists of canals

Europe

*Canals of France

*Canals of Amsterdam

*Canals of Germany

*Canals of Ireland

*Canals of Russia

*Canals of the United Kingdom

North America

*Canals of Canada

*Canals of the United States

See also

Barges of all types

British Waterways

Canal tunnel

Channel

Ditch

Environment Agency

History of the British canal system

Horse-drawn boat

Infrastructure

Irrigation district

Lists of canals

List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom

List of waterways

List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom

Lock

Navigable aqueduct

Navigation authority

Narrowboat

Roman canals - (''Torksey'')

Volumetric flow rate

Water bridge

Waterscape

Water transportation

Waterway

Waterway restoration

Waterways in the United Kingdom

Weigh lock

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

British Waterways' leisure website - Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes

Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide

Triumphs of Canal Building

Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System

"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University

National Canal Museum (USA)

London Canal Museum (UK)

Canals in Amsterdam

Canal du Midi

Canal des Deux Mers

Canal flow measurement using a sensor.

Category:Coastal construction Category:Water transport infrastructure

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playername	Iker Casillas
fullname	Iker Casillas Fernández
dateofbirth	May 20, 1981
cityofbirth	Móstoles, Madrid
countryofbirth	Spain
height
currentclub	Real Madrid
clubnumber	1
position	Goalkeeper
youthyears1	1990–1998
youthclubs1	Real Madrid
years1	1998–1999
years2	1999-
clubs1	Real Sociedad
clubs2	Real Madrid
caps1	26
caps2	498
goals1	0
goals2	0
nationalyears1	1996
nationalyears2	1996–1998
nationalyears3	1997–1999
nationalyears4	1999
nationalyears5	1999
nationalyears6	1999–2000
nationalyears7	2000–
nationalteam1	Spain U15
nationalteam2	Spain U16
nationalteam3	Spain U17
nationalteam4	Spain U18
nationalteam5	Spain U20
nationalteam6	Spain U21
nationalteam7	Spain
nationalcaps1	1
nationalcaps2	19
nationalcaps3	10
nationalcaps4	4
nationalcaps5	2
nationalcaps6	5
nationalcaps7	122
nationalgoals1	0
nationalgoals2	0
nationalgoals3	0
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nationalgoals6	0
nationalgoals7	0
pcupdate	18:19, 28 August 2011 (UTC)
ntupdate	10 August 2011 }}

Iker Casillas Fernández (; born 20 May 1981) is a Spanish football goalkeeper who plays for the Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid and the Spanish national team, being the captain of both. In 2008 he led the Spanish national team to their first European Championship in 44 years, and in 2010, to win the World Cup, being also named the tournament's best goalkeeper.

Since his early professional years as a teenager, Casillas has been recognised as one of the best goalkeepers in Europe, being nominated for the European Footballer of the Year award twice, ranking fourth overall in 2008 and continuing to be the highest-ranked goalkeeper again in 2009. At the end of 2009 he was voted into the UEFA Team of the Year for the third consecutive time. As of July 2010 Casillas is one of a very select group of players who have won all major club and national championship titles. In 2010, he was awarded with the Sports Prince of Asturias Award. On 19 October 2010, Casillas became the most capped goalkeeper of all time in the UEFA Champions League.

Early life

Iker was born on 20 May 1981 in Móstoles, Community of Madrid to José Luis Casillas, a civil servant in the Ministry of Education, and María del Carmen Fernández González, a hairdresser. Both his parents had emigrated from their home town of Navalacruz, Ávila. When he was a child, he lived for some years in the Basque Country, but he has always considered Madrid to be his hometown. Iker has a brother, seven years younger, named Unai, who currently plays as a central midfielder for CD Móstoles.

As a young child in the 1980s, Casillas once forgot to post his father’s football pool coupons on the weekend his father had correctly predicted all 14 results; the family lost out on an estimated £1m.

Real Madrid

Casillas is a product of Real Madrid's youth system, and started in the junior squad during the 1990–91 season. He was first called up to the first team on the 27 November 1997 at age 16 to face Rosenborg in Champions League, but it wasn't until the 1998–99 season that he debuted in the senior side, substituting Bodo Illgner. By the next season, he relegated Illgner to the bench and became first-choice. In 2000, he became the youngest ever goalkeeper to play in a Champions League final when Real Madrid defeated Valencia 3–0, just four days after his nineteenth birthday.

Casillas lost his place in the side to backup César Sánchez after a patch of bad form during the 2001–02 campaign, but redeemed himself when Sánchez suffered an injury in the last minutes of 2002 Champions League final match. Casillas came on and pulled off several brilliant saves to deny a rampant Bayer Leverkusen the Champions League crown. Real Madrid won 2–1 and Casillas has maintained the number 1 shirt ever since.

The 2007–08 season was a fruitful season for Casillas as he helped Real Madrid reclaim their 31st La Liga title and conceded only 32 goals in 36 matches to claim the Zamora Trophy. On 14 February 2008, he and then club captain Raúl González were awarded new contract extensions. Casillas signed a contract extension that will keep him at the club until 2017, with an automatic extension if he plays 30 competitive matches during the final season of the contract and a buy-out clause of £113 million. His performances earned him a spot in the UEFA Team of the Year for the second time.

In February 2009, Casillas equalled Paco Buyo's record of 454 matches played (for a goalkeeper) and has since surpassed it to become Real Madrid's most-capped goalkeeper of all time at only twenty-seven years old. During the 2009 summer transfer window, some Spanish media reported that Manchester City had launched a record £129 million bid for the goalkeeper. However the club denied the allegations saying that no such offer had been made. Manchester United had been rumoured to have enquired about him, but no price was announced. He had been linked with other Premier League clubs before but Casillas himself stated that he "had no intention of leaving" his boyhood club.

During the 2009–10 season on 4 October in a game against Sevilla, Casillas made an extraordinary save; he ran from one side of his goal to the other and denied Diego Perotti in a one-on-one close range encounter. After the match, he received praise from fellow Spanish goalkeepers and England goalkeeping legend Gordon Banks, who stated "Casillas' reflexes are incredible. If he continues to play this well he will become one of the best goalkeepers in the history of the game." ''Europa Press'' reported that Casillas was the 2nd most popular Spanish sportsman on the internet throughout 2010. The study performed by company Vipnet360 examined the web presence on platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.

International career

Casillas debuted for the national team in the U–17 level. At age 16, he was the youngest player in the Spanish squad that placed third at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt. He was later made captain of the U-17's. Two years later, he went on to win the FIFA World Youth Championship and the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup that same year. Initially second-choice, he soon worked his way up to first-choice and eventually earned his first senior cap following some brilliant performances at club level.

Casillas is currently the second-most capped goalkeeper in the history of the Spanish national team, behind Andoni Zubizarreta, who appeared in 126 matches. Following his full international debut at the senior level on 3 June 2000 against Sweden (at 19 years and 14 days), Casillas was an unused substitute at Euro 2000. He was part of the roster for the 2002 World Cup, initially as the understudy to Santiago Cañizares. Coincidentally, Casillas became the first-choice goalkeeper when Cañizares had to withdraw from the tournament due to injury from a freak accident. At 21, he was one of the youngest first-choice goalkeepers in the tournament. He played an instrumental role in Spanish progression when he saved two penalties in the shoot-out during the round of 16 match against the Republic of Ireland, earning him the nickname "The Saint".

Casillas played in all eight Group six fixtures during Euro 2004 qualifying, conceding just four goals. He kept a clean sheet in the second leg victory of the playoff against Norway which ended 3–0 in Oslo, and started all of Spain's Euro 2004 matches. He was the first choice for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, captaining the team twice, but could not prevent ''La Roja'' from losing 3–1 to a Zidane-inspired France in the Round of 16.

With the exclusion of his Real Madrid teammate Raúl from the squad for Euro 2008, Casillas was given the captain's armband. He started the first two Group D games against Russia and Sweden before being rested in place of second-choice goalkeeper Pepe Reina for Spain's group stage elimination of Greece. Casillas saved two penalties from Antonio Di Natale and Daniele De Rossi as Spain eliminated Italy in the quarterfinals with a 4–2 shootout win following a goalless draw on 22 June. Spain later went on to win the competition with a 1–0 win over Germany in the final on 29 June; Casillas kept clean sheets for the quarterfinal, semifinal, and final matches, with Sweden's first round goal by Zlatan Ibrahimović being the last one scored against him. On 29 June 2008 Casillas became the first goalkeeper-captain to lift the UEFA European Championship trophy when Spain beat Germany 1–0 in the final.

In October 2008, Casillas and deputy in goal Pepe Reina broke the national record for the longest time spent without conceding a goal. The pair went unbeaten for 710 minutes, longer than Spain's longest-serving gloveman Andoni Zubizarreta and Paco Buyo. Wesley Sonck of Belgium ended their goalless streak when he scored against them a 2010 World Cup qualifying match.

One of his saves during the quarterfinals versus South Korea during the 2002 FIFA World Cup was rated by FIFA as one of the top 10 saves of all time. Casillas was the highest ranked goalkeeper (4th place) in the 2008 Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and national teammate Fernando Torres.

He was named the world's best goalkeeper in 2008 by the IFFHS. He also came in third place in the best goalkeepers of all time ranking; beating Oliver Kahn.

On 5 September 2009, after a 5–0 win over Belgium in a qualifying match for the World Cup, Casillas equalled Andoni Zubizarreta's national record of 56 clean sheets, and during the Spanish team's next match against Estonia on 9 September 2009, he surpassed Zubizarreta as the record holder for the most Spanish international clean sheets (this being achieved in Casillas' 98th appearance for the national team, while Zubizarreta made 126 before his retirement).

On 14 November 2009, he made his 100th appearance for the Spanish squad in the friendly win over Argentina, making him only the third player in history of Spanish football to ever reach this far internationally. Only Andoni Zubizarreta, on 126, now stands ahead of him.

On 11 July 2010, he captained Spain to their first ever World Cup title with a 1–0 win against the Netherlands. In doing so he became the third ever goalkeeper to captain a World Cup winning side (along with Gianpiero Combi in 1934 and Dino Zoff in 1982). He was voted the tournament's best goalkeeper and awarded the Golden Glove. In the course of the finals in South Africa he kept five clean sheets, conceded two goals, and saved a penalty in the quarter final against Paraguay. In the final, he made two crucial stops from Netherlands' Arjen Robben with the score at 0–0 after the Dutchman had passed all the defenders.

Statistics

All-Time Club Performance

27 34 25 38 37 37 37 38 36 38 38 35 1

Club	Season	League	Cup	!colspan="2"	Other	Total
!Apps	!G A	!Apps	!G A	!Apps	!G A	!Apps	!G A	!Apps	!G A
rowspan="14" align=center valign=center	Real Madrid
	|	23	5	1	12	19	3	5	47	48
2000–01 La Liga	2000–01	|	37	0	0	11	15	2	4	47	56
2001–02 La Liga	2001–02	|	27	5	5	9	6	1	0	40	38
2002–03 La Liga	2002–03	|	42	0	0	15	21	2	1	55	64
2003–04 La Liga	2003–04	|	50	2	1	9	10	2	2	50	63
2004–05 La Liga	2004–05	|	30	0	0	10	11	0	0	47	41
2005–06 La Liga	2005–06	|	38	4	6	7	9	0	0	48	53
2006–07 La Liga	2006–07	|	40	0	0	7	10	0	0	45	50
2007–08 La Liga	2007–08	|	32	0	0	8	13	2	6	46	51
2008–09 La Liga	2008–09	|	52	0	0	7	10	2	5	47	67
2009–10 La Liga	2009–10	|	35	0	0	8	9	0	0	46	44
2010–11 La Liga	2010–11	|	32	8	2	11	6	0	0	54	40
2011–12 La Liga	2011–12	|	0	0	0	0	0	2	5	3	5
Career totals		!421!!438!!24!!15!!114!!139!!16!!28!!575!!620

3 2 1 1 3 0 3 0 1 1 7 1

+ All-Time National Team Performance
NationalTeam	Year	!width=80 colspan="2"	!width=80 colspan="2"	!width=80 colspan="2"	!width=80 colspan="2"	Total
rowspan="12" align=center valign=center	2000	3	|	3	2	0	0	0	0	6	5
2001	3	|	2	0	0	0	0	0	5	2
2002	4	|	5	5	2	0	0	0	11	6
2003	3	|	1	2	6	4	0	0	10	7
2004	6	|	3	1	3	2	0	0	12	6
2005	1	|	9	4	0	0	0	0	10	4
2006	4	|	3	4	3	5	0	0	10	12
2007	1	|	0	0	8	3	0	0	9	3
2008	7	|	2	0	6	2	0	0	15	3
2009	4	|	5	4	0	0	4	4	13	9
2010	5	|	7	2	3	3	0	0	15	12
2011	4	|	0	0	2	2	0	0	6	3
Total		45	23	40	24	33	21	4	4	122	72

Honours

Club

La Liga (4): 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08

Copa del Rey (1): 2010–11

Supercopa de España (3): 2001, 2003, 2008.

UEFA Champions League (2): 1999–2000, 2001–02

UEFA Super Cup (1): 2002

Intercontinental Cup (1): 2002

Country

UEFA U-15 Championship: 1995

UEFA U-16 Championship: 1997

UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup: 1999

FIFA World Youth Championship: 1999

UEFA European Championship: 2008

FIFA World Cup: 2010

Personal

Royal Order of Sporting Merit (Gold Medal): 2009–10 Favourite son of Navalacruz: 2010 Favourite son of Móstoles: 2010

Individual

Bravo Award: 2000

Don Balón Award: ''Breakthrough Player'' 2000

UEFA Team of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Zamora Trophy: 2007–08

UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008

FIFA World XI: 2008, 2009, 2010

FIFA/FIFPro World's best goalkeeper 2008, 2009, 2010

IFFHS Best Goalkeeper: 2008, 2009, 2010

FIFA.com Team of the Year: 2008 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove: 2010

FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2010

Outside football

Personal life

Since 2009, Casillas has been in a relationship with sports journalist Sara Carbonero.

Charity

In 2011, Casillas was appointed as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme's Millennium Development Goals.

Notes

References

# HISTORIA DEL FÚTBOL ESPAÑOL, SELECCIONES ESPAÑOLAS ISBN 978-84-8229-12-3-9

External links

Profile on Real Madrid official website

2010 FIFA World Cup profile

National team data

BDFutbol profile

Iker Casillas Biography and Videos

Iker Casillas Profile and Stats at Footbalistic

Transfermarkt profile

FootballDatabase career profile and statistics

ESPN Profile

}} Petr Čech|after= Edwin van der Sar||years=2008}} Gianluigi Buffon|after=Incumbent||years=2010}} }}

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:People from Móstoles Category:Spanish footballers Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Real Madrid Castilla footballers Category:Real Madrid C.F. players Category:Real Madrid C footballers Category:La Liga footballers Category:Spain youth international footballers Category:Spain under-21 international footballers Category:Spain international footballers Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning captains Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning players Category:FIFA Century Club Category:FIFA World Cup-winning captains Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players Category:Spanish Roman Catholics

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Name	Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta
Names	Santo (''Saint'')El Santo (''The Saint'')Santo, el Enmascarado de Plata (''Saint, the Silver Masked Man'')Rudy GuzmánEl Hombre Rojo (''The Red Man'')El Demonio Negro (''The Black Demon'')El Murcielago II (''The Bat II'')
Real height
Real weight
Birth date
Death date	February 05, 1984
Birth place	Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
Debut	1934 or 1935
Retired	}}

Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta (September 23, 1917 – February 5, 1984), more widely known as El Santo (the Saint), was a Mexican Luchador enmascarado (Spanish for masked professional wrestler), film actor, and folk icon. El Santo, along with Blue Demon and Mil Máscaras, is one of the most famous and iconic of all Mexican luchadores, and has been referred to as one of "the greatest legends in Mexican sports" His wrestling career spanned nearly five decades, during which he became a folk hero and a symbol of justice for the common man through his appearances in comic books and movies. He is said to have popularized professional wrestling in Mexico just as Rikidozan did in Japan. Guzmán's son followed him into wrestling as El Hijo del Santo, or 'Son of Santo'.

Biography

Born in Tulancingo in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, to Jesús Guzmán Campuzano and Josefina Huerta (Márquez) de Guzmán as the fifth of seven children, Rodolfo came to Mexico City in the 1920s, where his family settled in the Tepito neighbourhood. He practiced baseball and American football, and then became interested in wrestling. He first learned Ju-Jitsu, then classical wrestling.

Pro wrestling career

Accounts vary as to exactly when and where he first wrestled competitively, either in Arena Peralvillo Cozumel on 28 June 1934, or Deportivo Islas in the Guerrero colony of Mexico City in 1935, but by the second half of the 1930s, he was established as a wrestler, using the names ''Rudy Guzmán'', ''El Hombre Rojo'' (''the Red Man''), ''El Demonio Negro'' (The Black Demon) and ''El Murcielago II'' (''The Bat II''). The last name was a rip-off of the name of a famous wrestler Jesus Velazquez named "El Murcielago" (The Bat), and after an appeal by the Bat to the Mexican boxing and wrestling commission, the regulatory body ruled that Guzmán could not use the name.

El Santo

In the early 1940s, Guzmán married María de los Ángeles Rodríguez Montaño (Maruca), a union that would produce 10 children; their names were Alejandro, María de los Ángeles, Héctor Rodolfo, Blanca Lilia, Víctor Manuel, Miguel Ángel, Silvia Yolanda, María de Lourdes, Mercedes, and the youngest child Jorge, who also became a famous wrestler in his own right, ''El Hijo del Santo'' (Son of Santo). In 1942, Rodolfo's manager, Don Jesús Lomelí, was putting together a new team of wrestlers, all dressed in silver, and wanted Rodolfo to be a part of it. He suggested three names, ''El Santo'' (''The Saint''), ''El Diablo'' (''The Devil''), or ''El Angel'' (''The Angel''), and Rodolfo chose the first one. On 26 June, aged 24, he wrestled at the Arena Mexico for the first time as El Santo, although he later was known simply as "Santo". Under this new name he quickly found his style.

One of Santo's greatest matches was in 1952, when he fought a tag-team known as Los Hermanos Shadow (which consisted of famed luchadors Blue Demon and the Black Shadow). Santo beat and unmasked Black Shadow in the ring, which triggered Blue Demon's decision to become a técnico, as well as a legendary feud between Blue Demon and Santo that culminated in Santo's defeat in a well-publicized series of matches in 1952 and again in 1953. Although they appeared together in a number of action/adventure films, their rivalry never really ended in later years since Santo always remembered his defeat at Blue Demon's hands.

Retirement

By the early 1980s El Santo slowed down his in ring activities leading up to his inevitable retirement. His farewell tour was announced for August and September 1982. the first of three events took place on August 22, 1982 at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City. On that night El Santo teamed up with El Solitario to take on Villano III and Rokambole in a match that naturally saw the legends win. After the match Villano and Rokamble lifted El Santo up on their shoulders as he received the adulation of the sold out arena. The following Sunday El Santo appeared at Arena México where he teamed up with Gran Hamada to defeat Villano I and Scorpio, Jr. Santo's last match took place on September 12, 1982, a week before his 65th birthday. In his last match ever El Santo teamed up with Gory Guerrero who came out of retirement to reform "La Pareja Atómica" as they teamed up with Huracán Ramirez and El Solitario. Their opponents included one of El Santo's biggest rivals in Perro Aguayo as well as El Signo, Negro Navarro and El Texano. True to the legend of El Santo he won his last match and retired as the hero he always portrayed in the ring and on the screen. His retirement tour was also used to introduce Santo's son Jorge as the next generation El Santo as he was ringside at each show wearing the silver mask and being introduced as El Hijo del Santo.

Death

Just over a year after his retirement El Santo was a guest on ''Contrapunto'', a Mexican television program and, completely without warning, removed his mask just enough to expose his face, in effect bidding his fans goodbye. It is the only documented case of Santo ever removing his mask in public. Santo died from a heart attack on February 5, 1984, at 9:40 p.m., a week after his Contrapunto TV appearance. As per his wishes, he was buried wearing his famous silver mask. His funeral is considered one of the biggest in Mexican history as fans and friends flocked to see "el Enmascarado de Plata" (''the Silver-Masked Man'') one last time. After his death a statue of El Santo was erected in his home town of Tulancingo and other statues have been created since then.

Legacy

The legend of El Santo lives on to this very day both inside and outside the wrestling ring. Santo's youngest son with his first wife, Jorge carries on the legend of the Silver Mask, wrestling as El Hijo del Santo wearing the silver mask, cape and outfit that is very close to what his father used to wear. While El Hijo del Santo is not as big an icon as his father he is considered a more technically proficient wrestler.

In the early 1960s a female wrestler called ''La Novia del Santo'' (Spanish for "the Bride of El Santo") worked the Mexican circuit. Under the silver mask was Irma González, a well known wrestler who had promised her fiancé that she'd stop wrestling, but went back in the ring under a mask when she could not resist the draw of competition. La Novia got El Santo's blessing to use the name and is the only non-family member ever given the right to use the Santo name. Gonzáles only wrestled as "La Novia del Santo" for 7 months until she got married. Later on, a homosexual wrestler adopted the "La Novia del Santo" name but El Santo took action and put an end to the impostor's use of the name.

Recently one of El Santo's 25 grand children made his professional debut. After gaining some seasoning under different identities "" began working as "El Nieto del Santo" (Spanish for "the Grandson of Santo") but El Hijo Del Santo took legal actions to prevent this as he owns all "El Santo" rights when it comes to wrestling, presumably because he himself is planning on letting one of his own sons use the "El Nieto del Santo" name. These days, the grandson of El Santo works as "Axxel" and only uses "El Nieto del Santo" as an unofficial nickname to avoid any legal issues. Axxel uses the same trademark mask, cape and trunk design as El Santo but has incorporated black trim and knee pads to, presumably to not infringe on El Hijo del Santo's legal rights.

Movie career

In 1952, the artist and editor José G. Cruz started a Santo comic book, turning Santo into the first and foremost character in Mexican popular literature, his popularity only rivalled by the legendary Kalimán character. The Santo comic book series (4 different volumes) ran continuously for 35 years, ending in 1987.

Also in 1952, a superhero motion picture serial was made entitled "The Man in the Silver Mask", which was supposed to star Santo, but he declined to appear in it, because he thought it would fail commercially. The film was made instead with well-known luchador El Medico Asesino in the lead role, wearing a white mask similar to Santo's silver one. A villain named "The Silver-Masked Man" was introduced into the plot at the last minute, thus the title of the film strangely became a reference to the villain, not the hero.

In 1958, Fernando Osés, a wrestler and actor, invited Santo to work in movies, and although Santo was unwilling to give up his wrestling career, he accepted, planning to do both at the same time. Oses was planning on playing the hero in these films, with Santo appearing as his costumed sidekick. Fernando Osés and Enrique Zambrano wrote the scripts for the first two movies, ''el Cerebro del Mal'' (''The Evil Brain'') and ''Hombres Infernales'' (''The Infernal Men''), both released in 1958, and directed by Joselito Rodríguez. Filming was done in Cuba, and ended just the day before Fidel Castro entered Havana and declared the victory of the revolution. Santo played a masked superhero-type sidekick to the main hero (who was called El Incognito) in these two films, and was not the main character (nor was he depicted as a wrestler in these 2 films). The films did poorly at the box office when they were released. Years later however, when Santo's film career took off, the distributors of these two films quietly added Santo's name into the titles. Most people feel Santo's film career really took off in 1961, with his third movie "Santo Vs The Zombies." Santo was given the starring role with this film, and was shown for the first time as a professional wrestler moonlighting as a superhero.

Santo wound up appearing in a total of 52 lucha libre films in all, two of which were just cameo appearances. The style of the movies was essentially the same throughout the series, with Santo as a superhero fighting supernatural creatures, evil scientists, various criminals/ secret agents and so on. The tones were reminiscent of U.S. B-movies and TV shows, perhaps most similar to the old Republic Pictures serials of the 1940s.

His best-known movie outside of Mexico is also considered one of his best, 1962s ''Santo vs. las Mujeres Vampiro'' (''Santo vs. the Vampire Women''), which was also featured in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. In this movie, the production values were better, and there was an attempt at creating more a mythos and background for Santo, as the last of a long line of fighters against evil. It was an enormous success at the box office, and was one of the 4 Santo films ever to be dubbed in English. Some of these English films were imported to the United States through the efforts of K. Gordon Murray who changed the name of Santo to Samson for some of his releases. Santo's most financially successful film however was "The Mummies of Guanajuato" (1970), which co-starred Blue Demon and Mil Mascaras. Many Mexi-movie fans consider it to be the greatest luchador film ever made.

The Santo film series inspired the production of similar series of movies starring other well-known luchadores such as Blue Demon, Mil Mascaras, Superzan and the Wrestling Women, among others. Santo even co-starred with Blue Demon and Mil Mascaras in several of his movies. When Blue Demon invited Santo to co-star with him and Mil Mascaras in the "Champions of Justice" movie trilogy, however, Santo was too busy making other films to participate.

By 1977, the masked wrestler film craze had practically died off, but Santo continued to appear in more films over the next few years. His last film was "FURY OF THE KARATE EXPERTS", shot in Florida in 1982, the same year he retired from the ring. Santo officially retired from wrestling on Sept. 12, 1982 (a week before his 65th birthday). His last match was at the El Toreo de Cuatro Caminos in Mexico. All told, his professional wrestling career spanned a total of 48 years.

Santo appeared as a guest on ''Contrapunto'', a Mexican television program and, completely without warning, removed his mask just enough to expose his face. It is the only documented case of Santo ever removing his mask in public. Santo died from a heart attack on Feb. 5, 1984, at 9:40 p.m. (about a week after his Contrapunto TV appearance). He was 66 years old. As per his wishes, he was buried wearing his famous silver mask.

Other media appearances

Santo also became an animated mini-series on Cartoon Network in Latin America. On October 27, 2004, Cartoon Network released the first chapter of 5 shorts. Each chapter is about 2 minutes long, and they were shown weekly on Wednesday nights at 8:00 PM. There is also currently another Santo series in development at Cartoon Network Studios in Burbank. The mini series was inspired by Santo's classic movies. Santo fought against an evil scientist, Dr. Clone, who collected the DNA of Santo's previous foes and resurrected them to kill Santo and dominate the world.

El Santo also inspired the animated series Mucha Lucha and El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera. In Mucha Lucha he's called "El Rey", and it's represented as an icon of all positive things. In El Tigre, the character White Pantera shares much of El Santo's ever optimist attitude from the movies, but there's also a character named Silver Sombrero who is an exact copy of Santo, except he wears a large Mexican hat.

Santo is immortalized in the rockabilly band Southern Culture on the Skids' 1996 album Santo Swings!/Viva el Santo. Santo is often resurrected in Southern Culture's live performances when an audience member jumps onstage donning Santo's mask. The Latin ska band King Changó released an album titled The Return of El Santo. A Turkish actor portrayed an unlicensed version of Santo in the infamous bootleg Turkish film ''3 dev adam''. In addition the Canadian cult film, "Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter, also features an unlicensed version of El Santo as one of Christ's monster hunting associates.

The short story collections Iris Wildthyme and the Celestial Omnibus and Miss Wildthyme and Friends Investigate both contain stories featuring a crime fighting, time travelling masked Mexican wrestler, Senor 105, based on El Santo.

Santo filmography (in chronological order)

''Santo contra el cerebro del mal'' (Santo Vs. The Evil Brain, 1958) ''Santo contra hombres infernales'' (Santo vs. The Infernal Men, 1958) ''Santo contra los zombies'' (Santo vs. The Zombies, 1961) aka ''Invasion of the Zombies'' (dubbed in English) ''Santo contra el rey del crimen'' (Santo vs. The King of Crime, 1961) ''Santo en el hotel de la muerte'' (Santo In The Hotel of Death, 1961) ''Santo contra el cerebro diabolico'' (Santo vs. the Diabolical Brain, 1962) ''Santo contra las mujeres vampiro'' (Santo vs. The Vampire Women, 1962) aka ''Samson vs. the Vampire Women'' (dubbed in English) ''Santo en el museo de cera'' (Santo In The Wax Museum, 1963) aka ''Samson in the Wax Museum'' (dubbed in English) ''Santo contra el estrangulador'' (Santo vs. The Strangler, 1963) ''El espectro del estrangulador'' (Santo vs. The Ghost of the Strangler, 1963) ''Blue Demon contra el poder satánico'' (Blue Demon vs. Satanic Power, 1964) (cameo appearance) ''Santo en Atacan las brujas'' (Santo in The Witches Attack, 1964) aka ''Santo en la casa de las brujas'' ''El hacha diabólica'' (Santo in The Diabolical Axe, 1964) ''Santo en los profanadores de tumbas'' (Santo in The Grave Robbers, 1965) ''Santo en el Barón Brakola'' (Santo in Baron Brakola, 1965) ''Santo contra la invasión de los marcianos'' (Santo vs. The Martian Invasion, 1966) ''Santo contra los villanos del ring'' (Santo vs. The Villains of the Ring, 1966) (Santo's last B&W film) ''Santo en Operación 67'' (Santo in Operation 67, 1966) (Santo's first color film) ''Santo en el tesoro de Moctezuma'' (Santo in The Treasure of Moctezuma, 1967) ''Santo en el tesoro de Drácula'' (Santo in Dracula's Treasure, 1968) aka ''The Vampire and Sex'' (a separate adult-rated version) ''Santo contra Capulina'' (Santo vs. Capulina, 1968) ''Santo contra Blue Demon en la Atlántida'' (Santo vs. Blue Demon in Atlantis, 1969) ''Santo y Blue Demon contra los monstruos'' (Santo and Blue Demon vs. the Monsters, 1969) ''Santo y Blue Demon en el mundo de los muertos'' (Santo and Blue Demon in the World of the Dead, 1969) ''Santo contra los cazadores de cabezas'' (Santo vs. The Headhunters, 1969) ''Santo frente a la muerte'' (Santo Faces Death, 1969) aka ''Santo vs. the Mafia Killers'' ''Santo contra los jinetes del terror'' (Santo Vs The Terror Riders, 1970) aka ''The Lepers and Sex'' (a separate adult-rated version) ''Santo en la venganza de las mujeres vampiro'' (Santo in the Revenge of the Vampire Women, 1970) ''Santo contra la mafia del vicio'' (Santo vs. The Mafia of Vice, 1970) aka ''Mission Sabotage'' ''Santo en la venganza de la momia'' (Santo in the Mummy's Revenge, 1970) ''Santo en Las momias de Guanajuato'' (Santo in The Mummies of Guanajuato, 1970) (co-starring Mil Mascaras and Blue Demon) ''Santo en el misterio de la perla negra'' (Santo in the Mystery of the Black Pearl, 1971) aka ''The Caribbean Connection'' (this film was released in Spain in 1971, but was only released in Mexico in 1975) ''Santo contra la hija de Frankenstein'' (Santo vs. Frankenstein's Daughter, 1971) ''Santo en Misión suicida'' (Santo in Suicide Mission, 1971) ''Santo contra los asesinos de otros mundos'' (Santo vs. the Killers from Other Worlds, 1971) aka ''Santo vs. the Living Atom'' ''Santo y el tigresa en el aguila real'' (Santo and the Tigress in the Royal Eagle, 1971) ''Santo y Blue Demon contra Drácula y el Hombre Lobo'' (Santo and Blue Demon Vs. Dracula and the Wolf Man, 1972) ''Santo contra los secuestradores'' (Santo Vs. The Kidnappers, 1972) ''Santo contra la magia negra'' (Santo vs. Black Magic, 1972) ''Santo y Blue Demon en las bestias del terror'' (Santo and Blue Demon in the Beasts of Terror, 1972) ''Santo contra las lobas'' (Santo vs. The She-Wolves, 1972) ''Santo en Anónimo mortal'' (Santo in Anonymous Death Threat, 1972) ''Santo y Blue Demon contra el doctor Frankenstein'' (Santo and Blue Demon Vs Dr. Frankenstein, 1973) ''Santo contra el doctor Muerte'' (Santo Vs Dr. Death, 1973) aka ''Santo strikes again'', aka ''The Masked Man Strikes Again" (one of only four Santo films that was dubbed in English) ''Santo en la venganza de la llorona'' (Santo in the Revenge of the Crying Woman, 1974) (co-starring boxing champ Mantequilla Napoles) ''Santo en Oro negro'' (Santo in Black Gold, 1975) aka ''La Noche de San Juan'' ''Santo en el Misterio en las Bermudas'' (Santo in The Bermuda Mystery, 1977) (co-starring Blue Demon and Mil Mascaras) ''Santo en la frontera del terror'' (Santo at the Border of Terror, 1979) aka ''Santo vs. the White Shadow'' ''Santo contra el asesino de televisión'' (Santo vs the TV Killer, 1981) ''Chanoc y el hijo del Santo contra los vampiros asesinos'' (Chanoc and Son of Santo vs. The Killer Vampires, 1981) (cameo appearance) ''Santo en el puño de la muerte'' (Santo in Fist of Death, 1982) ''Santo en la furia de los karatekas'' (Santo in Fury of the Karate Experts, 1982)

In wrestling

Finishing moves

:*''La de a Caballo'' (Camel clutch) :*''Topé de Cristo'' (Diving headbutt)

Signature moves

:*Plancha :*Suicide dive

Championships and accomplishments

Empresa Mundial de Lucha Libre

:*Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) :*Mexican National Middleweight Championship (4 times) :*Mexican National Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Rayo de Jalisco :*Mexican National Welterweight Championship (2 times) :*NWA World Middleweight Championship (1 time) :*NWA World Welterweight Championship (2 time)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

:*Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

Lucha de Apuesta record

{|class="wikitable" width=100% |- !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5%|Wager !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Winner !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Loser !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Location !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15%|Date !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Notes |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Cavernario Galindo || Mexico City || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Raúl Torres || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Gorilita Flores || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Judas Colombiano || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Gory Casanova || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Arturo Chávez || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Golden Terror || Guadalajara, Jalisco || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || La Cebra || Colombia || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || La Araña || Torreón, Coahuila || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || La Momia || San Salvador || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Cara Cortada || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Dragón Rojo || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Chico Casaola || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Dr. X (original) || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo and Dr. X (original) || Los Infernales (I and II) || Unknown || Unknown ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Murciélago Velázquez || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Bobby Bonales || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Bobby Bonales || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Jack O'Brien || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Enrique Llanes || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Black Shadow || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Monje Loco || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Halcón Negro || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo ||El Gladiador || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Rubén Juárez || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Espanto II || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Benny Galant || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Espanto I || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Dick Angelo || Unknown || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || René Guajardo || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Jorge Allende || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Perro Aguayo || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Bobby Lee || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo ||Bobby Lee || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo ||El Remolino || Ciudad Obregón, Sonora || ||   |}

References

;General ;Specific

External links

The Films of El Santo, El Enmascarado De Plata

Santo and friends

Santo-biography with emphasis on his film work on (re)Search my Trash

Category:1917 births Category:1984 deaths Category:Mexican film actors Category:Mexican professional wrestlers Category:People from Hidalgo

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